Genetics basics for people that don't anything🧵
First you need to understand Y dna (paternal dna) and mtdna (maternal dna). Paternal dna is inherited from father to son and mtdna is given from mother to both the son and daughter. Daughters don't inherit y dna.
Y dna can be analyzed and see where it belongs. Long ago it started from one source and then as humans migrated groups had mutations making them different from the original source and then mutating some more making them even more different.
Through a dna test you can find out where it belongs. Like I said before your y dna doesn't change from father to son but over very long periods of time enough mutations can happen that your y dna gets a new name. And each branch has subhaploroups with various names like a tree
This exact same logic holds true for mtdna in terms of mutations and grouping
Next thing you need to understand is what autosomal dna is. Autosomal dna unlike y dna and mtdna look at your entire genetic composition so they can see all the dna you have inherited.
Now we can discuss ancient dna (aDna). Is very simple dna that is ancient. So this can be dna from skeletons from ancient cultures or civilizations that we can analyze to see where they came from and who inherited that dna.
Now for analytical tools you will often see in genetics papers and discussions. First the Principal Component Analysis (pca). A pca basicallly measures the genetic distance between groups and individuals.
Another analytical tool you see more often is a qpadm. This basically shows us how much a group constists of other groups (remember what autosomal was).
Now you know the basics to be able to read the analytical part of a genetics discussion or paper. Next we will discuss some important ancient groups you will see frequent that are good to know so it is easier to follow. Another thing to know is timelines
First lets talk about timelines. It goes from paleolithic to mesolithic to neolithic to bronze age to iron age. Each part representing a different time period in history that is very important for ancient dna.
Now the ancient groups that are important to know. First the Early Earopean Farmers. Neolithic European Farmers. They had a major contribution maternally to west Eurasian groups so they are important to know of. You don't need to know details. The map below gives migration routes
Next up are the Yamnaya an Proto Indo European speaking group that had major impact on the genetic make up of Europe. The map below shows how they migrated. The purple area is where they came from. They are dated to around 3300 bc to 2600 bc
Now up is the Iberomaurusians. They are the ancestors of the Imazighen. They lived in Northwest Africa around 25000 to 11000 years ago.
Another group you will notice getting mentioned are the Natufians they lived around 15000 to 11500 years ago in the Levant
Furthermore we have the Western Hunter Gatherer(WHG) that lived in Europe during the mesolithic period. The Eastern Hunter Gatherer (EHG) and the Caucasian Hunter Gatherer (CHG). All existed during the mesolithic period
Lastly being aware of this theorized group (ancient dna of them has not been found yet) are the basal eurasians. Basal Eurasians may have been present in the Near East, as anatomically modern humans resided in the Levant approximately 100,000 years ago.
Basal Eurasians are the sibling group that diverged from the main lineage of all other non-African groups (e.g. European hunter-gatherers (pre-Neolithic), East Asians, Oceanians), prior to their divergence from one another.
Here are some forums and a blog by a renowned geneticist you can follow and ask questions at:
eurogenes.blogspot.com
theapricity.com
anthrogenica.com
eurogenes.blogspot.com
theapricity.com
anthrogenica.com
If you want to read a book I have been recommended this but I haven't read it myselft
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