A CHECHEN PRIMER, printed in Georgia.
Chechenskaia azbuka i pervaia kniga dlia chteniia.
[A Chechen primer and a first reader].
Izdanie Kavkazskago Uchebnago Okruga (Tipografiia Kantseliarii Namiestnika Ego Imperatorskago Velichestva na Kavkazie), Tbilisi, 1911. 1/
Chechenskaia azbuka i pervaia kniga dlia chteniia.
[A Chechen primer and a first reader].
Izdanie Kavkazskago Uchebnago Okruga (Tipografiia Kantseliarii Namiestnika Ego Imperatorskago Velichestva na Kavkazie), Tbilisi, 1911. 1/
Chechen (ΠΠΎΡ
ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΡΡ) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by 2 million people, mostly in the Chechen Republic. Together with the closely related Ingush language, with which there exists a large degree of mutual intelligibility, it forms the Vainakh branch. 2/
The Chechen language has, like most languages of the Caucasus, a large number of consonants: about 40 to 60 (depending on the dialect). Unlike most Causasian languages though, it also has has an extensive inventory of vowel sounds, about 44, more than most languages of Europe. 3/
A DARGWA LANGUAGE PRIMER, printed in Georgia.
Dargilla alipune wa lujisne zhuzh. Darginskaia azbuka i pervaia kniga dlia chteniia. [A Dargwa primer and a first reader].
Izdanie Kavkazskago Uchebnago Okruga (Tipografiia Kantseliarii Namiestnika), Tbilisi, 1911. 4/
Dargilla alipune wa lujisne zhuzh. Darginskaia azbuka i pervaia kniga dlia chteniia. [A Dargwa primer and a first reader].
Izdanie Kavkazskago Uchebnago Okruga (Tipografiia Kantseliarii Namiestnika), Tbilisi, 1911. 4/
This is apparently the first ever primer of the Dargwa language, a Northeast Caucasian idiom, part of the Dargic dialect continuum, spoken by the Dargin ethnic group in todayβs Dagestan. 5/
The four other languages in the Dargic dialect continuum (Kajtak, Kubachi, Itsari, and Chirag) are often considered variants of Dargwa. 6/
A LEZGIN LANGUAGE PRIMER, printed in Georgia.
Kure tskhalan elifarni, akhpa guaeniz keldaj juz. Kiurinskaia azbuka i pervaia kniga dlia chteniia. [A Lezgin primer and a first reader].
Izdanie Kavkazskago Uchebnago Okruga (Tipografiia Kantseliarii Namiestnika), Tbilisi, 1911. 7/
Kure tskhalan elifarni, akhpa guaeniz keldaj juz. Kiurinskaia azbuka i pervaia kniga dlia chteniia. [A Lezgin primer and a first reader].
Izdanie Kavkazskago Uchebnago Okruga (Tipografiia Kantseliarii Namiestnika), Tbilisi, 1911. 7/
Lezgin (or Lezgian), is the language of a Northeast Caucasian people who reside primarily in todayβs Dagestan and Northern Azerbaijan. It is an official language of Dagestan, but is classified as "vulnerable" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. 8/
Lezgian is unusual for a Northeast Caucasian language in not having noun classes (also called "grammatical gender"). Standard Lezgian grammar features 18 grammatical cases, produced by agglutinating suffixes, of which 12 are still regularly used in spoken conversation. 9/
A KABARDIAN PRIMER, printed in Georgia.
Kabardinskaia azbuka. [A Kabardian primer]. Tbilisi, 1906.
The Kabardian (or East Circassian) language is spoken in the Northern Caucasus, especially in the two autonomous Russian regions of Kabardino-Balkaria & Karachai- Cherkessia. 10/
Kabardinskaia azbuka. [A Kabardian primer]. Tbilisi, 1906.
The Kabardian (or East Circassian) language is spoken in the Northern Caucasus, especially in the two autonomous Russian regions of Kabardino-Balkaria & Karachai- Cherkessia. 10/
![A KABARDIAN PRIMER, printed in Georgia.
Kabardinskaia azbuka. [A Kabardian primer]. Tbilisi, 1906....](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FVhaeLVWQAA5__7.jpg)
![A KABARDIAN PRIMER, printed in Georgia.
Kabardinskaia azbuka. [A Kabardian primer]. Tbilisi, 1906....](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FVhaeLUWAAAIZAv.jpg)
Kabardian is written in a form of Cyrillic and serves as the literary language for Circassians in both Kabardino-Balkaria (where it is usually called the "Kabardian language") and Karachay-Cherkessia (where it is called the "Cherkess language"). 11/
AN ABKHAZIAN PRIMER, printed in Georgia.
Abkhazskaia azbuka i stat'i dlia chteniia i pis'mennykh rabot. [A primer of Abkhazian and essays for reading with written exercises].
[Izdanie Kavkazskago Uchebnago Okruga]; Tipografiia kantseliarii Namiestnika, Tbilisi, 1906. 12/
Abkhazskaia azbuka i stat'i dlia chteniia i pis'mennykh rabot. [A primer of Abkhazian and essays for reading with written exercises].
[Izdanie Kavkazskago Uchebnago Okruga]; Tipografiia kantseliarii Namiestnika, Tbilisi, 1906. 12/
The Abkhaz or Abkhazian language is related to the other major Northwest Caucasian language, Adyghe. It is one of the official languages of the Republic of Abkhazia, a de facto state recognised by most countries as part of Georgia, where around 100 000 people speak it. 13/
Abkhaz, quite typically for a Caucasian language, has a large number of consonants - 58 in the literary dialect. By contrast, it has only two phonemically distinct vowels, which have several allophones depending on the palatal and/or labial quality of the adjacent consonants. 14/
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