1. The English historian, Sir Thomas Arnold, says in his book, The Preaching of Islam:
2. German Orientalist, Sigrid Hunke, says:
3. Al-Kharbotli quotes from the Orientalist Dozy in his book, Spanish Islam: A History of the Moslems in Spain, as saying:
4. Gustave Le Bon wrote in his book, Arab Civilization:
5. Will Durant says, βThe dhimmis, Christians, Zoroastrians, Jews and Sabeans, enjoyed a degree of tolerance during the Umayyad Caliphate that we have no analogous to in Christian countries these days. They were free to practice their religion, and kept their churches and temples
6. the French Orientalist Aldo Mieli says:β βThe great tolerance shown by the Umayyad caliphs, and the kings of the sects did not just extend their allegiance to the peoples they ruled, or to the Muslims who came from Africa and the East only, +
but also spread its shadow over the Christian scholars who came from the farthest countries to receive sciences in the countless prosperous cities, in that magical country (Andalusia) that takes in groups of thinkers.β
7. The Western scholar Arthur Stanley Triton, who was born in 1881, and was appointed an assistant professor of Arabic in Edinburgh in 1911 CE, Glasgow in 1919, and a professor in Aligarh in India in 1921, and the School of Oriental and African Studies in London in 1931.
8. French historian Robert Mantran stated in his book, History of Ottoman Empire:
9. Bulgarian historian Maria Todorova, for example, says in her book Imagining the Balkans:
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