Female Economic Dependence and the Morality of Promiscuity
Two studies revealed that anti-promiscuity morality is greater where female economic dependence on a male partner is higher.
This is so as his parental investment is essential, and this depends upon paternity certainty.
Two studies revealed that anti-promiscuity morality is greater where female economic dependence on a male partner is higher.
This is so as his parental investment is essential, and this depends upon paternity certainty.
Promiscuity undermines paternity certainty, and thus both men and women have greater aversion to it in the environment where females are economically dependent on males.
The cost of promiscuity is increased in such a setting for both men and women.
The cost of promiscuity is increased in such a setting for both men and women.
Reasons why promiscuity becomes costlier in environments in which female economic dependence on a male is higher
Study 1
The results showed that perceptions of high female economic dependence were associated with perceptions that promiscuity is wrong.
The results showed that perceptions of high female economic dependence were associated with perceptions that promiscuity is wrong.
This relationship remained significant after controlling for the effects of age, sex, religiosity, and conservatism.
Study 2
Individual level
There was a significant positive association between perceived female economic dependence and wrongness of promiscuity.
Individual level
There was a significant positive association between perceived female economic dependence and wrongness of promiscuity.
Study 2
State level analysis
At the state level, wrongness of promiscuity was strongly positively related to perceived female economic dependence.
State level analysis
At the state level, wrongness of promiscuity was strongly positively related to perceived female economic dependence.
Study 2 replicated the finding in Study 1 that perceived female economic dependence was a significant predictor of opposition to promiscuity
Specifically, opposition to promiscuity was significantly lower among heterosexual females with higher incomes
Specifically, opposition to promiscuity was significantly lower among heterosexual females with higher incomes
Study 2 results indicated that perceived female economic dependence was a strong predictor of anti-promiscuity morality at the state level and that it accurately reflected female income levels within states.
Female income was also negatively related to anti-promiscuity morality
Female income was also negatively related to anti-promiscuity morality
Both studies provided support for the female economic dependence theory of anti-promiscuity morality.
In environments in which female economic dependence on a male mate is higher, both a woman and her mate have a greater interest in maximising paternity certainty.
In environments in which female economic dependence on a male mate is higher, both a woman and her mate have a greater interest in maximising paternity certainty.
Conservative moral systems may be anti-promiscuity because they themselves arose in environments where females depended heavily on male investment.
This may explain why societies were strongly anti-promiscuity even if religious observance in general was not high.
This may explain why societies were strongly anti-promiscuity even if religious observance in general was not high.
Results of both studies were consistent with the theory that opposition to promiscuity arises in circumstances where paternity certainty is...important and...that such opposition will more likely emerge in environments in which women are more dependent economically on a male
Therefore it can be concluded that female economic independence leads to less moral aversion towards promiscuity.
One of the greatest wisdoms behind the Islamic prohibition of zina is in order to ensure paternity certainty, such that lineages are preserved and that men provide for and are inherited by children that are truly theirs.
This is also why Islam abolished any form of polyandry.
This is also why Islam abolished any form of polyandry.
Alahazrat Imam Ahmad Raza Khan mentioned that, “The wisdom behind the impermissibility of zinā is to preserve lineage”, and, “If it were permissible for two men to marry one woman, then the same evil which is found in zinā shall be found here”
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All the Islamic restrictions which are in place to prevent zina thus ultimately are in place to preserve lineage and ensure paternity certainty.
From this we learn the importance of paternity certainty, and the danger of anything which undermines it.
From this we learn the importance of paternity certainty, and the danger of anything which undermines it.
Female economic independence leads to a lack of care with regard to paternity certainty as male parental investment is not as highly valued, and thus promiscuity is not considered to be a great taboo.
This can be seen in Western society, where promiscuity became common.
This can be seen in Western society, where promiscuity became common.
This also allows us to understand why traditionally promiscuity was a great taboo even if people were not particularly religious. Their aversion to promiscuity seems not to be primarily due to religion but rather due to female economic dependence.
We ought to learn from the mistakes of the West, so that our future generations do not end up as they did, and so that the same issues which plague their societies do not plague ours, such as rampant promiscuity and cuckoldry.
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