#Kaveri River Dispute detailed info #ಕಾವೇರಿ
• The Kaveri/#Cauvery River rises at #Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri range of the #WesternGhats, #Kodagu district, Karnataka, at an elevation of 1,341m above mean sea level. It flows for about 802kms before its outfall into the Bay of Bengal. It reaches the sea in Poompuhar, Mayiladuthurai district & is the third largest river after Godavari & Krishna in South India. 2.7% of the country's geographical area is covered under this river & is entirely monsoon dependant
• The Kaveri is a sacred river to the people & is worshipped as the Goddess Kaveriamma
• The catchment area of the Kaveri basin is estimated to be 81,155 sq kms with many tributaries including Harangi, Hemavati, Kabini, Bhavani, Lakshmana Tirtha, Noyyal & Arkavati. 66.21% area is covered under the agriculture lands
• The river basin covers 3 states & a Union Territory as follows: Tamil Nadu: 43,868 sq kms, Karnataka: 34,273 sq kms, Kerala: 2,866 sq kms & Puducherry: 148 sq kms
• In Chamarajanagar district it forms the island of Shivanasamudra
• The river is the source for an extensive irrigation system & hydroelectric power. The river has supported irrigated agriculture for centuries & served as the lifeblood of modern cities of South India. Access to the river's waters has pitted Indian states against each other for decades
THE DISPUTE
• The dispute over the sharing of Kaveri River began in 1807 when the Madras govt objected to Mysuru state's plans for the development of irrigation projects. After initial discussions failed between the two govts, Mysuru asked the govt of India to intervene. Discussions were held again which led to a six rule agreement called General Agreement of 1892. The genesis of this conflict rests in two agreements in 1892 & 1924 btwn the Madras & Kingdom of Mysuru
• Mysuru's plans to revive the irrigation projects met with resistance from the Madras Presidency. Mysuru state made a representation to the Madras Presidency then British government; as a result of which, a conference was held in 1890 with the objective of agreeing "…on the principles of a modus vivendi, which would on the one hand allow to Mysuru in dealing with irrigation works & on the other, give to Madras practical security against injury to interests" and eventually the Agreement of 1892 was signed
• Things came to a head in 1910 when Mysuru, under Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wadiyar as the king & Capt. Dawes as Chief Engineer came up with a plan to construct a dam at Kannambadi village to hold up to 41.5 TMC of water. The dam was planned to be built in two stages. In the first stage, a capacity of 11 TMC was envisioned, while in the second stage the full capacity was set to be realized. Madras, however, refused to give its consent for this move as it had its own plans to build a storage dam at Mettur with a capacity of 80 TMC. After a reference to the Govt of India, permission was accorded to Mysuru, but for reduced storage of 11TMC. During construction, however, the foundation was laid to suit the earlier desired full storage. This raised Madras' hackles & the dispute continued. As a result, the then British Govt of India referred the matter to arbitration under Rule IV of the 1892 Agreement. The Kaveri dispute thus had come up for arbitration for the first time. The award upheld the earlier decision of the Govt of India & allowed Mysuru to go ahead with the construction of the dam up to 11 TMC. Madras appealed against the award & negotiations continued. Eventually, an agreement was arrived at in 1924 & a couple of minor agreements were also signed in 1929 & 1933. Clause 8 of Final agreement btwn the Mysuru & the Madras Govts in regard to the construction of a dam & reservoir at Krishnarajasagara on 18 February 1924
• KRS dam was constructed by Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV in 1931. This dam water is used for irrigation purposes of Mandya & Mysuru districts & drinking water for Mandya, Mysuru & the entire city of Bengaluru
• The Kaveri/#Cauvery River rises at #Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri range of the #WesternGhats, #Kodagu district, Karnataka, at an elevation of 1,341m above mean sea level. It flows for about 802kms before its outfall into the Bay of Bengal. It reaches the sea in Poompuhar, Mayiladuthurai district & is the third largest river after Godavari & Krishna in South India. 2.7% of the country's geographical area is covered under this river & is entirely monsoon dependant
• The Kaveri is a sacred river to the people & is worshipped as the Goddess Kaveriamma
• The catchment area of the Kaveri basin is estimated to be 81,155 sq kms with many tributaries including Harangi, Hemavati, Kabini, Bhavani, Lakshmana Tirtha, Noyyal & Arkavati. 66.21% area is covered under the agriculture lands
• The river basin covers 3 states & a Union Territory as follows: Tamil Nadu: 43,868 sq kms, Karnataka: 34,273 sq kms, Kerala: 2,866 sq kms & Puducherry: 148 sq kms
• In Chamarajanagar district it forms the island of Shivanasamudra
• The river is the source for an extensive irrigation system & hydroelectric power. The river has supported irrigated agriculture for centuries & served as the lifeblood of modern cities of South India. Access to the river's waters has pitted Indian states against each other for decades
THE DISPUTE
• The dispute over the sharing of Kaveri River began in 1807 when the Madras govt objected to Mysuru state's plans for the development of irrigation projects. After initial discussions failed between the two govts, Mysuru asked the govt of India to intervene. Discussions were held again which led to a six rule agreement called General Agreement of 1892. The genesis of this conflict rests in two agreements in 1892 & 1924 btwn the Madras & Kingdom of Mysuru
• Mysuru's plans to revive the irrigation projects met with resistance from the Madras Presidency. Mysuru state made a representation to the Madras Presidency then British government; as a result of which, a conference was held in 1890 with the objective of agreeing "…on the principles of a modus vivendi, which would on the one hand allow to Mysuru in dealing with irrigation works & on the other, give to Madras practical security against injury to interests" and eventually the Agreement of 1892 was signed
• Things came to a head in 1910 when Mysuru, under Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wadiyar as the king & Capt. Dawes as Chief Engineer came up with a plan to construct a dam at Kannambadi village to hold up to 41.5 TMC of water. The dam was planned to be built in two stages. In the first stage, a capacity of 11 TMC was envisioned, while in the second stage the full capacity was set to be realized. Madras, however, refused to give its consent for this move as it had its own plans to build a storage dam at Mettur with a capacity of 80 TMC. After a reference to the Govt of India, permission was accorded to Mysuru, but for reduced storage of 11TMC. During construction, however, the foundation was laid to suit the earlier desired full storage. This raised Madras' hackles & the dispute continued. As a result, the then British Govt of India referred the matter to arbitration under Rule IV of the 1892 Agreement. The Kaveri dispute thus had come up for arbitration for the first time. The award upheld the earlier decision of the Govt of India & allowed Mysuru to go ahead with the construction of the dam up to 11 TMC. Madras appealed against the award & negotiations continued. Eventually, an agreement was arrived at in 1924 & a couple of minor agreements were also signed in 1929 & 1933. Clause 8 of Final agreement btwn the Mysuru & the Madras Govts in regard to the construction of a dam & reservoir at Krishnarajasagara on 18 February 1924
• KRS dam was constructed by Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV in 1931. This dam water is used for irrigation purposes of Mandya & Mysuru districts & drinking water for Mandya, Mysuru & the entire city of Bengaluru
• Metturu dam in Salem district, TN irrigates 12 districts & provides drinking water too
• Central Water commission has set up a water measuring station at Biligundulu in Krishnagiri district to measure the water transferred by Karnataka to TN
• According to 1892 & 1924 agreements, the water sharing formula is as follows: TN & Puducherry: 75%, KA: 23% & KL: 2%
• In 1970's & 1980's had many meetings & draft proposals were made but there was no proper conclusion
• In 1986, a farmer group from Tanjavur in TN had reached out to Supreme Court for setting up a tribunal
• In 1990, SC had directed the Govt of India to constitute a tribunal for the dispute. So according to the Inter State Water Disputes Act, 1956 Section 4, Cauvery Water Dispute Tribunal was set up by the VP Singh govt
• On 25th June 1991, SC had made a temporary interim order on the request of the 4 states. According to the order, KA has to release 205 TMC to TN in a water year(1st June - 31st May) & KA shouldn't increase its agricultural land more than 11.2 lakh acres then
• This order was followed till normal monsoon, but in 1995 it was a below normal monsoon & the dispute started again
• To implement the 1991 order, Cauvery River Authority was formed in 1998 headed by the PM & the 4 states CM's were it's members. This authority had to ensure that the orders of CWDT & it's subsequent orders are implemented
• In 2007, CWDT had delivered its final order. The CWDT had considered 740 TMC as the total water availability in KAVERI basin in the normal monsoon year. The awards are as follows: TN: 419TMC(512TMC demand), KA: 270TMC(465TMC demand), PD: 7TMC & KL: 30TMC, 10TMC for environmental purposes & 4 TMC for sea inevitable outflows. So according to this award, KA had to release 192 TMC to TN from the Biligundulu site, of which 10TMC of environmental purposes has been included & out of the total 7TMC has to be released for Puducherry. TN will receive additional 25TMC from the rainfall btwn Biligundulu & Metturu
• After the 2007 CWDT's final order, KA pointed out that it was lesser than the 1991 interim order & the massive protests started
• All the states have filed clarificatory petitions in SC for clarity in CWDT'S final award
• In 2018, SC had given its final verdict. The Supreme Court had made slight changes in the 2007 CWDT'S finalised arrangement for the fair change. It has increased Karnataka's share by 14.75TMC from TN's share. So the final share is as follows: TN: 404.25TMC, KA: 284.75TMC, KL: 30TMC & PD: 7TMC
• According to the order, SC had ordered the Govt of India to frame a scheme to implement the modified tribunal award according to the IRWD Act 1956, Section 6A
• In 2018 June, Central govt had constituted CWMA headquartered at Delhi to look at the water storage , regulation & control related to implement the SC order, ensure compliance & give advice on agricultural practices in the states & CWRC at Bengaluru to look at 1990 to assist CWMA
• Both the Tribunal & the Supreme Court have not taken the surplus or distress monsoon year into account & no water utilisation water formula was provided according to the surplus/distress monsoon
• In 2019, the Govt of India has introduced a new Inter State Water Dispute Amendment Bill
• SUPPLY: 740TMC & DEMAND: 1139TMC of Kaveri Water, so this dispute will be continued for many years as the demand is higher than the supply. The change of weather patterns & rainfall is also contributing majorly in this issue.
HOPE IT RESOLVES SOON AMICABLY 🙏
• Central Water commission has set up a water measuring station at Biligundulu in Krishnagiri district to measure the water transferred by Karnataka to TN
• According to 1892 & 1924 agreements, the water sharing formula is as follows: TN & Puducherry: 75%, KA: 23% & KL: 2%
• In 1970's & 1980's had many meetings & draft proposals were made but there was no proper conclusion
• In 1986, a farmer group from Tanjavur in TN had reached out to Supreme Court for setting up a tribunal
• In 1990, SC had directed the Govt of India to constitute a tribunal for the dispute. So according to the Inter State Water Disputes Act, 1956 Section 4, Cauvery Water Dispute Tribunal was set up by the VP Singh govt
• On 25th June 1991, SC had made a temporary interim order on the request of the 4 states. According to the order, KA has to release 205 TMC to TN in a water year(1st June - 31st May) & KA shouldn't increase its agricultural land more than 11.2 lakh acres then
• This order was followed till normal monsoon, but in 1995 it was a below normal monsoon & the dispute started again
• To implement the 1991 order, Cauvery River Authority was formed in 1998 headed by the PM & the 4 states CM's were it's members. This authority had to ensure that the orders of CWDT & it's subsequent orders are implemented
• In 2007, CWDT had delivered its final order. The CWDT had considered 740 TMC as the total water availability in KAVERI basin in the normal monsoon year. The awards are as follows: TN: 419TMC(512TMC demand), KA: 270TMC(465TMC demand), PD: 7TMC & KL: 30TMC, 10TMC for environmental purposes & 4 TMC for sea inevitable outflows. So according to this award, KA had to release 192 TMC to TN from the Biligundulu site, of which 10TMC of environmental purposes has been included & out of the total 7TMC has to be released for Puducherry. TN will receive additional 25TMC from the rainfall btwn Biligundulu & Metturu
• After the 2007 CWDT's final order, KA pointed out that it was lesser than the 1991 interim order & the massive protests started
• All the states have filed clarificatory petitions in SC for clarity in CWDT'S final award
• In 2018, SC had given its final verdict. The Supreme Court had made slight changes in the 2007 CWDT'S finalised arrangement for the fair change. It has increased Karnataka's share by 14.75TMC from TN's share. So the final share is as follows: TN: 404.25TMC, KA: 284.75TMC, KL: 30TMC & PD: 7TMC
• According to the order, SC had ordered the Govt of India to frame a scheme to implement the modified tribunal award according to the IRWD Act 1956, Section 6A
• In 2018 June, Central govt had constituted CWMA headquartered at Delhi to look at the water storage , regulation & control related to implement the SC order, ensure compliance & give advice on agricultural practices in the states & CWRC at Bengaluru to look at 1990 to assist CWMA
• Both the Tribunal & the Supreme Court have not taken the surplus or distress monsoon year into account & no water utilisation water formula was provided according to the surplus/distress monsoon
• In 2019, the Govt of India has introduced a new Inter State Water Dispute Amendment Bill
• SUPPLY: 740TMC & DEMAND: 1139TMC of Kaveri Water, so this dispute will be continued for many years as the demand is higher than the supply. The change of weather patterns & rainfall is also contributing majorly in this issue.
HOPE IT RESOLVES SOON AMICABLY 🙏
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