Methods , Strategies and Procedures Newmark
Newmark proposes the following strategies for translating cultural –specific items:#المترجم_في_خدمة_المترجم #الرواد_السعوديون_للترجمة #ترجمة_لبيب #الترجمة
Newmark proposes the following strategies for translating cultural –specific items:#المترجم_في_خدمة_المترجم #الرواد_السعوديون_للترجمة #ترجمة_لبيب #الترجمة


 (1) Transference:

A strategy when an SL word is transferred into TL text in its original form (transcription /transliteration )
Examples:
Mobile موبايل
الجهاد Jihad
Pizza بيتزا
Cookies كوكيز
Computer كمبيوتر
Bank بنك
Fax فاكس

 (1) Transference:

A strategy when an SL word is transferred into TL text in its original form (transcription /transliteration )
Examples:
Mobile موبايل
الجهاد Jihad
Pizza بيتزا
Cookies كوكيز
Computer كمبيوتر
Bank بنك
Fax فاكس
( 2) Naturalization :
This procedure adapts a SL item to the normal pronunciation of the TL + normal morphology .
Examples :
Technology تكنولوجيا
Oxide يؤكسد/ اكسده/ مؤكسد/ تأكسد
الجبر Algebra
Democracy ديمقراطية
This procedure adapts a SL item to the normal pronunciation of the TL + normal morphology .
Examples :
Technology تكنولوجيا
Oxide يؤكسد/ اكسده/ مؤكسد/ تأكسد
الجبر Algebra
Democracy ديمقراطية
(3) Cultural equivalent :
An SL cultural item is translated by an equivalent TL cultural item while maintaining the same connotations .
Examples:
●قيس وليلى Romeo and Juliet
●I got it from the horse’s mouth حصلت عليها من فم الأسد
●My fellow brother أخي في الإسلام
An SL cultural item is translated by an equivalent TL cultural item while maintaining the same connotations .
Examples:
●قيس وليلى Romeo and Juliet
●I got it from the horse’s mouth حصلت عليها من فم الأسد
●My fellow brother أخي في الإسلام
(4) Functional equivalent:
This procedure requires the use of a culture-neutral (culture-free) item. It involves neutralization or generalization of the SL word.
Example:
●“ as white as a snow “ كبياض النهار ، كاللؤلؤ ، كالشمس
This procedure requires the use of a culture-neutral (culture-free) item. It involves neutralization or generalization of the SL word.
Example:
●“ as white as a snow “ كبياض النهار ، كاللؤلؤ ، كالشمس
●heroism عنترية
This word is coined from a pre-Islamic Arabian figure called Antara who was known for his poetry , heroism and adventures . The cultural tinge of the Arabic word عنترية in the paragraph above can be discarded to give its functional equivalent : “heroism”.
This word is coined from a pre-Islamic Arabian figure called Antara who was known for his poetry , heroism and adventures . The cultural tinge of the Arabic word عنترية in the paragraph above can be discarded to give its functional equivalent : “heroism”.
(5) Descriptive equivalent:
In this procedure: the translator describes the meaning of the cultural item in several words .
Example : الخلع
●الخلع
The Arabic word الخلع can be explained in few words because it has no exact equivalent in the TL .
In this procedure: the translator describes the meaning of the cultural item in several words .
Example : الخلع
●الخلع
The Arabic word الخلع can be explained in few words because it has no exact equivalent in the TL .
We can say , “ divorce initiated by the wife, “release for payment by the wife , redemptive divorce , divorce by redemption , abdicative divorce .
●Cremlin
الكرملين :القصر الرئاسي الروسي
●A skiff
قارب صغير له مجدافا
●Cremlin
الكرملين :القصر الرئاسي الروسي
●A skiff
قارب صغير له مجدافا
(6)Synonym:

➢To use a near TL equivalent to an SL word in a context , where a precise equivalent may or may not exist .
➢This procedure is used for a SL word where :
1.there is no clear one-to-one equivalent
2.the word is less important than other components of a sentence .

➢To use a near TL equivalent to an SL word in a context , where a precise equivalent may or may not exist .
➢This procedure is used for a SL word where :
1.there is no clear one-to-one equivalent
2.the word is less important than other components of a sentence .
Example :
●وسيمة Pretty , beautiful , good-looking ,attractive ,charming …etc.
● ذكي Smart , intelligent
●وسيمة Pretty , beautiful , good-looking ,attractive ,charming …etc.
● ذكي Smart , intelligent
(7) Through Translation:
➢It is the literal translation of common collocations , names of organizations and components of compounds .
➢It can also be called : calque or loan translation .
➢It is the literal translation of common collocations , names of organizations and components of compounds .
➢It can also be called : calque or loan translation .
Examples :
●Black market السوق السوداء
●Superman الرجل الخارق
●Bat-man الرجل الخفاش
●السد العالي The High Dam
●Black market السوق السوداء
●Superman الرجل الخارق
●Bat-man الرجل الخفاش
●السد العالي The High Dam
(8) Modulation:
It occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective.
It occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective.
Example:
Black market السوق السوداء
Skyscraper ناطحة سحاب
Black market السوق السوداء
Skyscraper ناطحة سحاب
(9) Recognized translation:
It occurs when the translator uses a generally or officialy recognized translation of any institutional term.
Examples :
●Ministry of Health وزارة الصحة
● United Nations الأمم المتحدة
It occurs when the translator uses a generally or officialy recognized translation of any institutional term.
Examples :
●Ministry of Health وزارة الصحة
● United Nations الأمم المتحدة
(10) Compensation:
➢It is to make up for the loss of meaning in the TT.
➢“This is said to occur when loss of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part, or in a contiguous sentence”
➢It is to make up for the loss of meaning in the TT.
➢“This is said to occur when loss of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part, or in a contiguous sentence”
Example:
● Naughty children are being labeled “hyperactive” by their teachers.
يصنف المدرسون الأطفال الأشقياء الآن على أنهم مصابون بفرط الحركة المدرسون الأطفال الأشقياء في الوقت الحاضر بأنهم مصابون بفرط الحركة لحج pilgrimage to Mecca
● Naughty children are being labeled “hyperactive” by their teachers.
يصنف المدرسون الأطفال الأشقياء الآن على أنهم مصابون بفرط الحركة المدرسون الأطفال الأشقياء في الوقت الحاضر بأنهم مصابون بفرط الحركة لحج pilgrimage to Mecca
(11)Componential analysis:
This is the splitting up of a lexical unit into its sense components , often one-to-two ,-three or –four translations .
Example ;
●Continental breakfast فطور أوربي : شاي وقهوة وخبز محمص )
This is the splitting up of a lexical unit into its sense components , often one-to-two ,-three or –four translations .
Example ;
●Continental breakfast فطور أوربي : شاي وقهوة وخبز محمص )
(12) Paraphrase:
In this procedure the meaning of the culture-specific terms is explained in more detail , longer than what we do with descriptive equivalent. But the translator should be careful lest he breaks the Maxim of Quantity .
Don’t say too much or too little .
In this procedure the meaning of the culture-specific terms is explained in more detail , longer than what we do with descriptive equivalent. But the translator should be careful lest he breaks the Maxim of Quantity .
Don’t say too much or too little .
Example ;
●سيارة الهيئة a van of the religious advocators of good deeds
●الظهار claiming one’s wife sexually forbidden as an unmarriageable woman
●سيارة الهيئة a van of the religious advocators of good deeds
●الظهار claiming one’s wife sexually forbidden as an unmarriageable woman
(13)Couplets:
It occurs when translators combine two of the above- mentioned procedures respectively for dealing with a single problem. They further can use triplets and quadruplets .
It occurs when translators combine two of the above- mentioned procedures respectively for dealing with a single problem. They further can use triplets and quadruplets .
Example ;
●Sari الساري ( لباس هندي طويل ) ( transference +descriptive equivalence)
●Knesset الكينسيت (البرلمان الإسرائيلي) (transference +recognized translation)
●Sari الساري ( لباس هندي طويل ) ( transference +descriptive equivalence)
●Knesset الكينسيت (البرلمان الإسرائيلي) (transference +recognized translation)
(14) Notes, additions , glosses:
Such techniques can be employed to add extra information about a culturally-specific word /expression in the translated text .
Such techniques can be employed to add extra information about a culturally-specific word /expression in the translated text .
Example ;
Crickets
(الكريكت: لعبة رياضية انجليزية معقدة بين فريقين قوامها كرة قماشية قوية صغيرة وعصا خشبية مفلطحة يستخدمها اللاعب ليضرب بها الكرة التي يقذفها اليه لاعب اخر بقوة الى أبعد مسافة ممكنة من دون أن يمسك بها أي من لاعبي الفريق الخصم الأحد عشر ا
Crickets
(الكريكت: لعبة رياضية انجليزية معقدة بين فريقين قوامها كرة قماشية قوية صغيرة وعصا خشبية مفلطحة يستخدمها اللاعب ليضرب بها الكرة التي يقذفها اليه لاعب اخر بقوة الى أبعد مسافة ممكنة من دون أن يمسك بها أي من لاعبي الفريق الخصم الأحد عشر ا
لموزعين في أرجاء ملعب كبير مدور الشكل) ان شاء الله
Is an Arabic language expression for "if Allah wills”. The phrase is used by Muslims to refer to events that one hopes will happen in the future. It expresses the belief that nothing happens unless Allah wills it
Is an Arabic language expression for "if Allah wills”. The phrase is used by Muslims to refer to events that one hopes will happen in the future. It expresses the belief that nothing happens unless Allah wills it
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